39. Spiro Mounds Engraved Shell
- Rainey Knudson
- 1 day ago
- 2 min read
Here’s what it looked like: a vast agricultural civilization organized around maize, with monumental earthworks—some over 100 feet high—constructed in towns along American rivers. Between 800 and 1350, the Mississippian culture flourished across the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys and into the Southeast. Its trade hubs at Spiro, Etowah, and Moundville served as capitals, and Cahokia likely rivaled medieval European cities in size. By the late 15th century—by the time Columbus arrived—the great centers had declined under pressures we’re still trying to understand.
At its height, Spiro Mounds sprawled across 150 acres on a bend in the Arkansas River. What appeared as quiet green hillocks were once temples, council houses, and—the most unique feature ever revealed in North America—a sacred mound where the Spiro elite deposited precious objects. Its sealed chambers housed time capsules of impossible delicacy, containing thousands of freshwater pearls, carved marine shells, feathered textiles, and copper plates.
Sadly, this remarkable site was catastrophically desecrated in the 1930s by “pot hunters,” as archaeologists call grave robbers. The giant mound was partially dynamited; contents deemed valueless strewn on the ground; everything else sold across the globe. We’ll never know what we might have known.
The Mississippian culture only occupied a span of centuries within the continuum of peopled time on this continent. What if we could encompass the whole arc of it in our collective imagination? What realizations—what relief—would it bring? Here we are, together, within a history longer than we comprehend.
Special thanks to Lee-Ann Graham for suggesting the Spiro Mounds.
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This post is part of The American 250, a series featuring 250 objects made by Americans, located in America, in honor of the country's 250th anniversary. 250 words on 250 works, from January 1 to December 31, 2026.
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